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Ive read that most climbers have a lot of muscle imbalances, including some that affect proper posture.
I'm super surprised no one has mentioned the major source of muscle imbalance in climbers: climbing is a pulling sport more than a pushing sport. This results in overdevelopment of upper-body pulling muscles (biceps and back) relative to pushing muscles (chest and triceps).
I personally have a friend who climbs 5.14 and yet has terrible back pain that keeps him from sleeping at night. That is, until we got in the weight room together and I had him start doing some bench presses for basically the first time in his life. We also did some squats to help strengthen his lower back, and some stiff-leg deadlifts for lower back and hamstrings (i.e. "posterior chain"). After a few weeks of this he started feeling dramatically better.
The suggestions in this answer to do more upper body pulling work are likely to exacerbate the issue of "climber's hunch".
The other suggestions in that answer about finger inflammation are good but incomplete. It is true that working the opposing muscle (same principle as the bench press above) is helpful. But you also have to realize that during climbing, you are working the forearm flexors (i.e. grip muscles) through only a very short part of their full range of motion (ROM). It's like if you did bicep curls, but you only ever moved the weight 6 inches, over and over and over again. That is what rock climbing is like for your grip. Try (gently!) applying pressure to your fingers while leaning against a wall with your hand out in front against the wall in a "Stop!" gesture. Gradually increase the angle to increase the ROM. Don't try to do an aggressive stretch and flex the muscles at the same time - that won't work. A little stretch, and a little flex is all you want.
EDIT:
I should add that these suggestions are not from "some quick googling around" but rather extensive personal experience with both climbing and physical training for sports (including training for climbing).
In some quick googling around, the biggest issues I could find included:
The hunched shoulders I think are the more common issue that plagues a number of sports, not just climbing or bouldering. The good news is most of this can be addressed with common barbells and dumbbells. You might even get away with some body weight only exercises.
Fixing Hunched Shoulders
This comes from pulling yourself up while facing the rock, particularly if you don't hold yourself close to the face of the rock. It seems contradictory that a sport dedicated to pulling yourself up can result in hunched shoulders. One cause can be allowing your shoulders to shrug forward during "rests". You can see that when strongmen are pushing themselves on their farmers walks. The chest compensates to keep the shoulders in their sockets, which means more force pulling the shoulders forward. If you have gotten to a state where you are shrugging forward all the time, it's because you lack sufficient strength in the upper thoracic portion to keep the shoulders back even when you are relaxed.
Common exercises that can address this are:
If you already have pronounced hunchback going on, I would start with the the following:
The dumbbell work would be every time, and alternate the back extensions and rows. After that, squats and deadlifts will be awesome to build general strength and keep everything good.
Finger inflammation
The most common cause for a joint becomes inflamed is when you keep using it one way, and don't balance that work going the other way. For example, bench pressers who don't do any curls or pull ups tend to have inflammation in the elbows. Cyclists and runners who don't do anything for their hamstrings or posterior chain can have problems with their knees. The same goes for gripping small crevasses to support your whole body weight.
The good news is you don't have to balance the intensity of the work to get good results. You just need to get blood flowing through the joint with very high rep work (5x20, or any variation of 100 reps total).
To address the finger inflammation, use a rubber band around your fingers and open your hand enough to work against the resistance, but not so much that the rubber band rolls up on your hand.
In the wide group of people I climb with, the opposite is true. I'd have to agree with Liam - these days, climbing training is incredibly well balanced, with most folks combining a high degree of cardio workout with core strength, and isometrics, along with weights for extension and flexion.
Hunches seem to have been an issue earlier than ten years ago, when people didn't really recognise the wider fitness aspects, but now everyone knows the exercises to use - they are well publicised on the internet (and Berin's answer has a reasonable starter list)
The only real problems tend to stem from things like finger damage, rather than imbalance. Jamming fingers causes damage buildup that is very difficult to alleviate.
I've picked up this as it was mentioned on another SE site.
I don't think this is true. I do not think that climbers suffer from muscle imbalances, in fact this type of imbalance would be very detrimental to climbing ability.
Almost every climber I know has better posture than the average person. Most climbers work hard on posture, it's very important as part of climbing itself. The ability to maintain your balance and core rigidity under strain is key to lot's of aspects of the sport. The core muscles are probably the most important muscles you have when climbing and climbers generally understand that the key to this is balance (no point have a strong stomach if your lower back is weak, etc.)
